Added:

- Workspace support (`[workspace]` with deps ordering)
- `clean --all` for workspace members
Changed:
- Project root discovery for `build/run/clean` (searches parent dirs)
- Workspace paths are excluded from root source scan
- Build output now uses a Cargo-style `Compiling <name> v<version>` line
- Build time now reports total time for the whole build stage (workspace included)
- Cache hits are silent (no compile line when nothing is rebuilt)
- Safer build cache: fingerprints include headers and resolved library files

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,30 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## [0.2.8] - 2026-03-06
+Added:
+- Workspace support (`[workspace]` with deps ordering)
+- `clean --all` for workspace members
+Changed:
+- Project root discovery for `build/run/clean` (searches parent dirs)
+- Workspace paths are excluded from root source scan
+- Build output now uses a Cargo-style `Compiling <name> v<version>` line
+- Build time now reports total time for the whole build stage (workspace included)
+- Cache hits are silent (no compile line when nothing is rebuilt)
+- Safer build cache: fingerprints include headers and resolved library files
+
+## [0.2.7] - 2026-03-03
+Added:
+- Toolchain overrides via `[toolchain]` and env (`DCR_*`)
+- ASM `.S` preprocessing via GCC/Clang (`-x assembler-with-cpp`)
+
+## [0.2.6] - 2026-03-01
+Added:
+- `sharedlib` build kind (shared library output)
+- ASM projects (`build.language = "asm"`)
+- NASM and GAS backends
+- `build.platform` architecture hint for `-march` / `/arch`
+- Basic CLI integration tests
+
 ## [0.2.5] - 2026-02-26
 Added:
 - Incremental builds (object caching by mtime)

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ Before PR, run:
 cargo fmt --all
 cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
 cargo check
+cargo test
 ```
 
 ## CI/CD and Releases

Cargo.lock

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dcr"
-version = "0.2.4"
+version = "0.2.8"
 dependencies = [
  "reqwest",
  "self-replace",

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "dcr"
-version = "0.2.4"
+version = "0.2.8"
 edition = "2024"
 build = "build.rs"
 

README.md

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ The current implementation is written in Rust.
 - Run the compiled binary
 - Clean build artifacts
 - Generate a minimal C project template
+- Build static and shared libraries
+- ASM projects with NASM/GAS or via GCC/Clang
 - Update the binary via `dcr --update` (GitHub Releases, not for pacman/AUR installs)
 
 ## Supported Platforms
@@ -111,6 +113,7 @@ Run manually:
 
 ### `dcr clean`
 Removes the `target` directory in the project root.
+Use `dcr clean --all` in a workspace root to clean all member projects.
 
 ## Build Profiles
 Two profiles are supported:
@@ -119,8 +122,10 @@ Two profiles are supported:
 
 Custom flags can be added in `dcr.toml` via `build.cflags` and `build.ldflags`.
 You can also set `build.target` to override the output directory (profile-independent).
+You can set `build.platform` to pass `-march=<platform>` (GCC/Clang) or `/arch:*` (MSVC) where supported.
 Use `build.kind = "staticlib"` to build a static library instead of a binary.
-`dcr run` is only for `build.kind = "bin"` and will fail for `staticlib`.
+Use `build.kind = "sharedlib"` to build a shared library (`.so`/`.dylib`/`.dll`).
+`dcr run` is only for `build.kind = "bin"` and will fail for libraries.
 
 ## Configuration
 The main project file is `dcr.toml`.
@@ -136,13 +141,32 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 language = "c"
 standard = "c11"
 compiler = "clang"
+# Optional platform hint
+# platform = "x86_64"
 # Optional custom flags
 cflags = ["-Wall", "-Wextra"]
 ldflags = ["-lm"]
 
+[toolchain]
+# Optional tool overrides:
+# cc = "clang"
+# cxx = "clang++"
+# as = "as"
+# ar = "ar"
+# ld = "ld"
+
 [dependencies]
 ```
 
+Workspace example:
+
+```toml
+[workspace]
+kernel = { path = "src/kernel", deps = ["core", "userspace"] }
+core = { path = "src/core", deps = ["userspace"] }
+userspace = { path = "src/userspace" }
+```
+
 Path dependencies are supported. DCR will resolve them on build and generate `dcr.lock`.
 
 Incremental build note: object files are rebuilt when source `.c/.cpp` files change. Header dependency tracking is not implemented yet.

TODO.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # TODO
 
-- Add incremental builds
 - Add header dependency tracking for incremental builds (GCC/Clang: -MMD, MSVC: /showIncludes)
 - Add external package managers (Conan, vcpkg)
-- Support building static libraries (ar .a)
+- Linker script + direct linker control
+- Custom targets/steps

docs/README.md

@@ -17,10 +17,14 @@ Current DCR focuses on a simple, predictable workflow:
   - C: `*.c`
   - C++: `*.cpp`, `*.cxx`, `*.cc`
 - Compiler selection from `dcr.toml` (`clang`, `gcc`, `cl`, `clang-cl`, etc.).
-- Two build kinds:
+- ASM support via `language = "asm"` (GCC/Clang, NASM, GAS).
+- Three build kinds:
   - `bin` (default)
   - `staticlib`
+  - `sharedlib`
 - Optional custom output directory via `build.target`.
+- Optional `build.platform` to pass architecture hints (`-march` / `/arch`).
+- Workspace builds via `[workspace]` with per-project `dcr.toml`.
 - Path dependencies with include/lib resolution and `dcr.lock` generation.
 
 ## Important behavior notes

docs/commands/dcr-build.md

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ dcr build --release
 3. Resolves path dependencies from `[dependencies]`.
 4. Creates required output directories.
 5. Recursively compiles sources from `src/`.
-6. Links final artifact (binary or static library).
+6. Links final artifact (binary or library).
 
 ## Config values used
 
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ dcr build --release
 - `build.standard`
 - `build.kind`
 - `build.target`
+- `build.platform`
 - `build.cflags`
 - `build.ldflags`
 
@@ -34,9 +35,12 @@ dcr build --release
 
 - `language = "c"` -> `*.c`
 - `language = "c++" | "cpp" | "cxx"` -> `*.cpp`, `*.cxx`, `*.cc`
+- `language = "asm"` -> `*.s`, `*.S`, `*.asm`
 
 ## Notes
 
 - The profile is selected from the first argument only.
 - Unknown profile flags return an error.
 - Incremental rebuild is based on source/object mtime comparison.
+- For `language = "asm"` with `compiler = "as"`/`"gas"`, use `.s` files (no preprocessing). For `.S`, use `gcc` or `clang`.
+- In workspace root, `dcr build` builds all members in dependency order.

docs/commands/dcr-clean.md

@@ -8,16 +8,18 @@ Removes build artifacts in `target/`.
 dcr clean
 dcr clean --debug
 dcr clean --release
+dcr clean --all
+dcr clean --release --all
 ```
 
 ## Behavior
 
 - Without arguments: removes entire `target/`.
 - With profile: removes only `target/<profile>/`.
+- With `--all`: also cleans all workspace members.
 
 ## Validation
 
 - `dcr.toml` must exist.
-- More than one argument is treated as error.
+- Unknown flags are treated as error.
-- Unknown profile is treated as error.
 - If `target` or selected profile directory does not exist, command prints a warning.

docs/commands/dcr-run.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ dcr run --release
 
 ## Restrictions
 
-- If `build.kind = "staticlib"`, `run` exits with error.
+- If `build.kind = "staticlib"` or `build.kind = "sharedlib"`, `run` exits with error.
 - The profile is selected from the first argument.
 
 ## On build failure

docs/configuration/build-profiles.md

@@ -33,7 +33,25 @@ By default:
 - `target/debug/<name>` (or `.exe` on Windows)
 - `target/release/<name>` (or `.exe` on Windows)
 
+Default compiler flags:
+
+GCC/Clang:
+
+- `debug`: `-O0 -g -Wall -Wextra -fno-omit-frame-pointer -DDEBUG`
+- `release`: `-O3 -DNDEBUG -march=native`
+
+MSVC:
+
+- `debug`: `/Od /Zi /W4 /DDEBUG /Oy-`
+- `release`: `/O2 /DNDEBUG`
+
 Static library mode (`kind = "staticlib"`):
 
 - Linux/macOS: `lib<name>.a`
 - Windows: `<name>.lib`
+
+Shared library mode (`kind = "sharedlib"`):
+
+- Linux: `lib<name>.so`
+- macOS: `lib<name>.dylib`
+- Windows: `<name>.dll`

docs/configuration/build-section.md

@@ -10,22 +10,35 @@ compiler = "clang"
 kind = "bin"
 # optional:
 # target = "./dist"
+# platform = "x86_64"
 # cflags = ["-Wall"]
 # ldflags = ["-lm"]
 ```
 
 ## Fields
 
-- `language` (string, required): `c`, `c++`, `cpp`, or `cxx`.
+- `language` (string, required): `c`, `c++`, `cpp`, `cxx`, or `asm`.
 - `standard` (string, required): language standard passed to compiler.
 - `compiler` (string, required): compiler command (for example `clang`, `gcc`, `cl`).
-- `kind` (string, required): `bin` or `staticlib`.
+- `kind` (string, required): `bin`, `staticlib`, or `sharedlib`.
 - `target` (string, optional): custom output directory for final artifact.
+- `platform` (string, optional): architecture hint for compiler (used for `-march` or `/arch`).
 - `cflags` (string array, optional): extra compile flags.
 - `ldflags` (string array, optional): extra link flags.
 
+## Toolchain section
+
+```toml
+[toolchain]
+cc = "clang"
+cxx = "clang++"
+as = "as"
+ar = "ar"
+ld = "ld"
+```
+
 ## Behavior notes
 
 - Compiler backend is selected by compiler string (`gcc`, `clang`, `cl`, `clang-cl`).
 - Empty or unknown compiler value falls back to clang-like build path.
-- `run` is not allowed for `kind = "staticlib"`.
+- `run` is not allowed for library kinds (`staticlib`, `sharedlib`).

docs/configuration/dcr.toml-overview.md

@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ kind = "bin"
 - `[build]`
 - `[dependencies]`
 
+Workspace-only root:
+- `[workspace]` may be used instead of `[package]`/`[build]` for a workspace root.
+
 ## Required keys
 
 - `package.name`
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ kind = "bin"
 - `build.compiler`
 - `build.kind`
 
-`build.kind` must be either `bin` or `staticlib`.
+`build.kind` must be either `bin`, `staticlib`, or `sharedlib`.
 
 ## Optional keys
 
@@ -43,3 +46,5 @@ kind = "bin"
 - `build.cflags`
 - `build.ldflags`
 - dependency fields (`include`, `lib`, `libs`, `system`)
+- `[toolchain]` overrides (`cc`, `cxx`, `as`, `ar`, `ld`)
+- `[workspace]` members

docs/dependencies-and-build/compilers-and-linking.md

@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@
 DCR picks a backend from `build.compiler`:
 
 - contains `clang-cl` -> MSVC backend
+- equals `as` or contains `gas` -> GAS backend (standalone assembler)
 - contains `gcc` or `g++` -> GCC backend
 - contains `clang` or `clang++` -> Clang backend
 - equals `cl` or contains `msvc` -> MSVC backend
+- contains `nasm` -> NASM backend
 - otherwise -> Clang backend fallback
 
 ## Compilation model
@@ -16,6 +18,39 @@ DCR picks a backend from `build.compiler`:
 - Each source is compiled to `target/<profile>/obj/<relative-path>.o` (`.obj` on MSVC).
 - Recompile happens when source mtime is newer than object mtime.
 
+## Default build flags
+
+These flags are applied automatically based on profile and compiler backend.
+
+GCC/Clang:
+
+- `debug`: `-O0 -g -Wall -Wextra -fno-omit-frame-pointer -DDEBUG`
+- `release`: `-O3 -DNDEBUG -march=native`
+
+MSVC:
+
+- `debug`: `/Od /Zi /W4 /DDEBUG /Oy-`
+- `release`: `/O2 /DNDEBUG`
+
+## Platform hint
+
+If `build.platform` is set, DCR passes it as an architecture hint:
+
+- GCC/Clang: `-march=<platform>`
+- MSVC: maps to `/arch:*` for known values (`x86`, `i386`, `i486`, `i586`, `i686`, `sse2`, `avx`, `avx2`)
+
+## Toolchain overrides
+
+If `[toolchain]` is set, DCR uses its values to override compiler/linker tools:
+
+- `cc`, `cxx`, `as` override compilers for C/C++/ASM
+- `ar` overrides the archiver (used for `staticlib`)
+- `ld` overrides the linker (used by GCC/Clang/NASM/GAS backends)
+
+Environment overrides (highest priority):
+- `DCR_COMPILER` (all languages)
+- `DCR_CC`, `DCR_CXX`, `DCR_AS`, `DCR_AR`, `DCR_LD`
+
 ## Linking
 
 For `kind = "bin"`:
@@ -28,3 +63,9 @@ For `kind = "staticlib"`:
 
 - Linux/macOS (GCC/Clang): `ar rcs` creates `.a` archive.
 - Windows (MSVC): `lib` creates `.lib` archive.
+
+For `kind = "sharedlib"`:
+
+- Linux (GCC/Clang): `-shared` with output `.so`.
+- macOS (Clang): `-dynamiclib` with output `.dylib`.
+- Windows (MSVC): `/LD` with output `.dll`.

docs/getting-started/build-and-run.md

@@ -37,10 +37,13 @@ Profile-only cleanup:
 ```sh
 dcr clean --debug
 dcr clean --release
+dcr clean --all
+dcr clean --release --all
 ```
 
 ## Notes
 
-- `run` is unavailable for `build.kind = "staticlib"`.
+- `run` is unavailable for `build.kind = "staticlib"` and `build.kind = "sharedlib"`.
 - Build profile flag is parsed from the first command argument.
 - Unknown profile flags produce an error.
+- In workspace root, `clean --all` cleans all member projects.

docs/getting-started/project-structure.md

@@ -35,5 +35,6 @@ project/
 - `target/<profile>/deps/`: synchronized copies of path dependencies.
 - `target/<profile>/<name>` (or `.exe` on Windows): output for `kind = "bin"`.
 - `target/<profile>/lib<name>.a` (or `<name>.lib` on Windows): output for `kind = "staticlib"`.
+- `target/<profile>/lib<name>.so` (or `.dylib` on macOS, `<name>.dll` on Windows): output for `kind = "sharedlib"`.
 
 If `build.target` is set, the final artifact is written to that custom directory, while object cache still stays in `target/<profile>/obj`.

docs/reference-and-help/cli-reference.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ dcr new <name>
 dcr init
 dcr build [--debug|--release]
 dcr run [--debug|--release]
-dcr clean [--debug|--release]
+dcr clean [--debug|--release] [--all]
 dcr --help
 dcr --version
 dcr --update
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ dcr --update
 - Most commands parse profile from the first argument.
 - `new` requires exactly one argument.
 - `init` and `--update` do not accept extra arguments.
-- `clean` accepts at most one argument.
+- `clean` accepts `--debug|--release` and optional `--all`.
 
 ## Exit behavior overview
 

docs/reference-and-help/config-reference.md

@@ -8,14 +8,25 @@ name = "string"      # required
 version = "string"   # required
 
 [build]
-language = "c|c++|cpp|cxx"     # required
+language = "c|c++|cpp|cxx|asm"     # required
 standard = "string"            # required
 compiler = "string"            # required
-kind = "bin|staticlib"         # required
+kind = "bin|staticlib|sharedlib"         # required
 target = "string"              # optional
+platform = "string"            # optional
 cflags = ["string", "..."]     # optional
 ldflags = ["string", "..."]    # optional
 
+[toolchain]
+cc = "string"   # optional
+cxx = "string"  # optional
+as = "string"   # optional
+ar = "string"   # optional
+ld = "string"   # optional
+
+[workspace]
+name = { path = "string", deps = ["string", "..."] }
+
 [dependencies]
 name = {
   path = "string",              # required for each dependency
@@ -29,7 +40,7 @@ name = {
 
 - `[package]`, `[build]`, `[dependencies]` must exist.
 - Required string fields must be non-empty.
-- `build.kind` must be `bin` or `staticlib`.
+- `build.kind` must be `bin`, `staticlib`, or `sharedlib`.
 - Dependency fields `include/lib/libs` must be string arrays when provided.
 
 ## Generated defaults (`dcr new` / `dcr init`)

src/cli/build.rs

@@ -1,98 +1,41 @@
 use crate::config::{PROFILE, flags};
-use crate::core::builder::{BuildContext, build as build_project};
+use crate::core::builder::{BuildContext, build as build_project, collect_sources};
 use crate::core::config::Config;
 use crate::core::deps::resolve_deps;
-use crate::utils::fs::check_dir;
+use crate::core::workspace::parse_workspace;
+use crate::utils::fs::{check_dir, find_project_root};
 use crate::utils::log::{error, warn};
 use crate::utils::text::{BOLD_GREEN, colored};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::time::Instant;
 
 pub fn build(args: &[String]) -> i32 {
-    let items = check_dir(None).unwrap_or_default();
+    let start_dir = match std::env::current_dir() {
-    if !items.contains(&"dcr.toml".to_string()) {
+        Ok(dir) => dir,
-        error("dcr.toml file not found");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    let config = match Config::open("./dcr.toml") {
-        Ok(cfg) => cfg,
         Err(_) => {
+            error("Failed to determine current directory");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    };
+    let root = match find_project_root(&start_dir) {
+        Ok(Some(dir)) => dir,
+        Ok(None) => {
             error("dcr.toml file not found");
             return 1;
         }
+        Err(_) => {
+            error("Failed to find project root");
+            return 1;
+        }
     };
     let active_profile = match parse_profile(args) {
         Ok(profile) => profile,
         Err(code) => return code,
     };
-    let project_name = get_config_str(&config, "package.name");
+    match with_dir(&root, || build_from_root(&root, &active_profile)) {
-    let project_compiler = get_config_str(&config, "build.compiler");
+        Ok(()) => 0,
-    let build_language = get_config_str(&config, "build.language");
-    let build_standard = get_config_str(&config, "build.standard");
-    let build_target = get_config_str(&config, "build.target");
-    let build_kind = get_config_str(&config, "build.kind");
-    let build_cflags = match get_config_list(&config, "build.cflags") {
-        Ok(v) => v,
-        Err(msg) => {
-            error(&msg);
-            return 1;
-        }
-    };
-    let build_ldflags = match get_config_list(&config, "build.ldflags") {
-        Ok(v) => v,
-        Err(msg) => {
-            error(&msg);
-            return 1;
-        }
-    };
-
-    println!(
-        "    Building project `{}`\n    Profile: {}\n    Compiler: {}\n",
-        colored(&project_name, BOLD_GREEN),
-        colored(&active_profile, BOLD_GREEN),
-        colored(&project_compiler, BOLD_GREEN)
-    );
-
-    ensure_target_dirs(&items, &active_profile, normalize_target(&build_target));
-
-    let project_root = match std::env::current_dir() {
-        Ok(p) => p,
-        Err(_) => {
-            error("Failed to determine project root");
-            return 1;
-        }
-    };
-    let resolved = match resolve_deps(&config, &active_profile, &project_root) {
-        Ok(r) => r,
-        Err(msg) => {
-            error(&msg);
-            return 1;
-        }
-    };
-    let ctx = BuildContext {
-        profile: &active_profile,
-        project_name: &project_name,
-        compiler: &project_compiler,
-        language: &build_language,
-        standard: &build_standard,
-        target_dir: normalize_target(&build_target),
-        kind: normalize_kind(&build_kind),
-        include_dirs: &resolved.include_dirs,
-        lib_dirs: &resolved.lib_dirs,
-        libs: &resolved.libs,
-        cflags: &build_cflags,
-        ldflags: &build_ldflags,
-    };
-    match run_build(&ctx) {
-        Ok(times) => {
-            println!(
-                "    {} Build completed successfully in {} seconds",
-                colored("✔", BOLD_GREEN),
-                colored(&times.to_string(), BOLD_GREEN)
-            );
-            0
-        }
         Err(msg) => {
             error(&msg);
             1
@@ -124,6 +67,16 @@ fn get_config_str(config: &Config, key: &str) -> String {
         .to_string()
 }
 
+fn get_config_opt(config: &Config, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let value = config.get(key)?.as_str()?;
+    let trimmed = value.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(trimmed.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
 fn get_config_list(config: &Config, key: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
     let value = match config.get(key) {
         Some(v) => v,
@@ -171,6 +124,136 @@ fn run_build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     }
 }
 
+fn build_from_root(root: &Path, profile: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let config = Config::open("./dcr.toml").map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+    let project_name = get_config_str(&config, "package.name");
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    println!(
+        "    Building project `{}`\n    Profile: {}",
+        colored(&project_name, BOLD_GREEN),
+        colored(profile, BOLD_GREEN)
+    );
+    if let Some(workspace) = parse_workspace(&config, root)? {
+        build_workspace(&workspace, profile)?;
+        let excludes: Vec<std::path::PathBuf> =
+            workspace.members.iter().map(|m| m.path.clone()).collect();
+        build_project_at(root, profile, &excludes)?;
+        let elapsed = ((start_time.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 100.0).trunc()) / 100.0;
+        println!(
+            "    {} Build completed successfully in {} seconds",
+            colored("✔", BOLD_GREEN),
+            colored(&elapsed.to_string(), BOLD_GREEN)
+        );
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    build_project_at(root, profile, &[])?;
+    let elapsed = ((start_time.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 100.0).trunc()) / 100.0;
+    println!(
+        "    {} Build completed successfully in {} seconds",
+        colored("✔", BOLD_GREEN),
+        colored(&elapsed.to_string(), BOLD_GREEN)
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn build_workspace(
+    workspace: &crate::core::workspace::Workspace,
+    profile: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for member in &workspace.members {
+        build_project_at(&member.path, profile, &[])?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn build_project_at(
+    project_root: &Path,
+    profile: &str,
+    exclude_dirs: &[std::path::PathBuf],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    with_dir(project_root, || {
+        let items = check_dir(None).map_err(|_| "Failed to read project directory".to_string())?;
+        if !items.contains(&"dcr.toml".to_string()) {
+            return Err("dcr.toml file not found".to_string());
+        }
+        let config = Config::open("./dcr.toml").map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+        let project_name = get_config_str(&config, "package.name");
+        let project_version = get_config_str(&config, "package.version");
+        let project_compiler = get_config_str(&config, "build.compiler");
+        let build_language = get_config_str(&config, "build.language");
+        let build_standard = get_config_str(&config, "build.standard");
+        let build_target = get_config_str(&config, "build.target");
+        let build_kind = get_config_str(&config, "build.kind");
+        let build_platform = get_config_str(&config, "build.platform");
+        let tc_cc = get_config_opt(&config, "toolchain.cc");
+        let tc_cxx = get_config_opt(&config, "toolchain.cxx");
+        let tc_as = get_config_opt(&config, "toolchain.as");
+        let tc_ar = get_config_opt(&config, "toolchain.ar");
+        let tc_ld = get_config_opt(&config, "toolchain.ld");
+        let build_cflags = get_config_list(&config, "build.cflags")?;
+        let build_ldflags = get_config_list(&config, "build.ldflags")?;
+
+        let resolved_compiler = resolve_compiler(
+            &build_language,
+            &project_compiler,
+            tc_cc.as_deref(),
+            tc_cxx.as_deref(),
+            tc_as.as_deref(),
+        );
+        let resolved_linker = resolve_tool("DCR_LD", tc_ld.as_deref());
+        let resolved_archiver = resolve_tool("DCR_AR", tc_ar.as_deref());
+
+        ensure_target_dirs(&items, profile, normalize_target(&build_target));
+
+        let resolved = resolve_deps(&config, profile, project_root)?;
+        let ctx = BuildContext {
+            profile,
+            project_name: &project_name,
+            compiler: &resolved_compiler,
+            language: &build_language,
+            standard: &build_standard,
+            target_dir: normalize_target(&build_target),
+            kind: normalize_kind(&build_kind),
+            platform: normalize_platform(&build_platform),
+            linker: resolved_linker.as_deref(),
+            archiver: resolved_archiver.as_deref(),
+            exclude_dirs,
+            include_dirs: &resolved.include_dirs,
+            lib_dirs: &resolved.lib_dirs,
+            libs: &resolved.libs,
+            cflags: &build_cflags,
+            ldflags: &build_ldflags,
+        };
+        let sources = collect_sources(&ctx)?;
+        let headers = collect_header_files(&ctx, project_root)?;
+        let lib_files = collect_lib_files(&ctx);
+        let fingerprint = compute_build_fingerprint(&ctx, &sources, &headers, &lib_files)?;
+        if should_skip_build(&ctx, &fingerprint) {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        println!(
+            "   {} {} v{}",
+            colored("Compiling", BOLD_GREEN),
+            project_name,
+            project_version
+        );
+        run_build(&ctx)?;
+        write_build_fingerprint(&ctx, &fingerprint)?;
+        Ok(())
+    })
+}
+
+fn with_dir<F, T>(dir: &Path, f: F) -> Result<T, String>
+where
+    F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, String>,
+{
+    let prev = std::env::current_dir().map_err(|_| "Failed to get current dir".to_string())?;
+    std::env::set_current_dir(dir).map_err(|_| "Failed to change directory".to_string())?;
+    let result = f();
+    let _ = std::env::set_current_dir(prev);
+    result
+}
+
 fn normalize_target(target: &str) -> Option<&str> {
     let trimmed = target.trim();
     if trimmed.is_empty() {
@@ -184,3 +267,292 @@ fn normalize_kind(kind: &str) -> &str {
     let trimmed = kind.trim();
     if trimmed.is_empty() { "bin" } else { trimmed }
 }
+
+fn normalize_platform(platform: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    let trimmed = platform.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(trimmed)
+    }
+}
+
+fn resolve_compiler(
+    language: &str,
+    compiler: &str,
+    tc_cc: Option<&str>,
+    tc_cxx: Option<&str>,
+    tc_as: Option<&str>,
+) -> String {
+    let lang = language.to_lowercase();
+    env_override_compiler(&lang)
+        .or_else(|| toolchain_override_compiler(&lang, tc_cc, tc_cxx, tc_as))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| compiler.to_string())
+}
+
+fn env_override_compiler(lang: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    if let Ok(value) = std::env::var("DCR_COMPILER") {
+        let trimmed = value.trim();
+        if !trimmed.is_empty() {
+            return Some(trimmed.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    if lang == "asm" {
+        if let Ok(value) = std::env::var("DCR_AS") {
+            let trimmed = value.trim();
+            if !trimmed.is_empty() {
+                return Some(trimmed.to_string());
+            }
+        }
+        return None;
+    }
+    if (lang == "c++" || lang == "cpp" || lang == "cxx")
+        && let Ok(value) = std::env::var("DCR_CXX")
+    {
+        let trimmed = value.trim();
+        if !trimmed.is_empty() {
+            return Some(trimmed.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    if let Ok(value) = std::env::var("DCR_CC") {
+        let trimmed = value.trim();
+        if !trimmed.is_empty() {
+            return Some(trimmed.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn toolchain_override_compiler(
+    lang: &str,
+    tc_cc: Option<&str>,
+    tc_cxx: Option<&str>,
+    tc_as: Option<&str>,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    if lang == "asm" {
+        return tc_as.map(|v| v.to_string());
+    }
+    if (lang == "c++" || lang == "cpp" || lang == "cxx")
+        && let Some(v) = tc_cxx
+    {
+        return Some(v.to_string());
+    }
+    tc_cc.map(|v| v.to_string())
+}
+
+fn resolve_tool(env_key: &str, fallback: Option<&str>) -> Option<String> {
+    if let Ok(value) = std::env::var(env_key) {
+        let trimmed = value.trim();
+        if !trimmed.is_empty() {
+            return Some(trimmed.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    fallback.map(|v| v.to_string())
+}
+
+fn compute_build_fingerprint(
+    ctx: &BuildContext,
+    sources: &[String],
+    headers: &[std::path::PathBuf],
+    lib_files: &[std::path::PathBuf],
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(ctx.profile.as_bytes());
+    hasher.update(ctx.project_name.as_bytes());
+    hasher.update(ctx.compiler.as_bytes());
+    hasher.update(ctx.language.as_bytes());
+    hasher.update(ctx.standard.as_bytes());
+    hasher.update(ctx.kind.as_bytes());
+    if let Some(v) = ctx.target_dir {
+        hasher.update(v.as_bytes());
+    }
+    if let Some(v) = ctx.platform {
+        hasher.update(v.as_bytes());
+    }
+    if let Some(v) = ctx.linker {
+        hasher.update(v.as_bytes());
+    }
+    if let Some(v) = ctx.archiver {
+        hasher.update(v.as_bytes());
+    }
+    for value in ctx.include_dirs {
+        hasher.update(value.as_bytes());
+    }
+    for value in ctx.lib_dirs {
+        hasher.update(value.as_bytes());
+    }
+    for value in ctx.libs {
+        hasher.update(value.as_bytes());
+    }
+    for value in ctx.cflags {
+        hasher.update(value.as_bytes());
+    }
+    for value in ctx.ldflags {
+        hasher.update(value.as_bytes());
+    }
+    let toml =
+        fs::read_to_string("dcr.toml").map_err(|err| format!("Failed to read dcr.toml: {err}"))?;
+    hasher.update(toml.as_bytes());
+    if let Ok(lock) = fs::read_to_string("dcr.lock") {
+        hasher.update(lock.as_bytes());
+    }
+    for source in sources {
+        let path = Path::new(source);
+        update_hasher_with_file(&mut hasher, path)?;
+    }
+    for header in headers {
+        update_hasher_with_file(&mut hasher, header)?;
+    }
+    for lib in lib_files {
+        update_hasher_with_file(&mut hasher, lib)?;
+    }
+    Ok(to_hex(&hasher.finalize()))
+}
+
+fn should_skip_build(ctx: &BuildContext, fingerprint: &str) -> bool {
+    let output = build_output_path(ctx);
+    if !Path::new(&output).is_file() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let cache_path = build_cache_path(ctx.profile, ctx.target_dir);
+    let cached = fs::read_to_string(cache_path).unwrap_or_default();
+    cached.trim() == fingerprint
+}
+
+fn write_build_fingerprint(ctx: &BuildContext, fingerprint: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let cache_path = build_cache_path(ctx.profile, ctx.target_dir);
+    if let Some(parent) = cache_path.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|err| format!("Failed to create cache dir: {err}"))?;
+    }
+    fs::write(cache_path, format!("{fingerprint}\n"))
+        .map_err(|err| format!("Failed to write cache: {err}"))
+}
+
+fn build_cache_path(profile: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    match target_dir {
+        Some(dir) => Path::new(dir).join(format!(".dcr-build.{profile}.hash")),
+        None => Path::new("./target").join(profile).join(".dcr-build.hash"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_output_path(ctx: &BuildContext) -> String {
+    if ctx.kind == "staticlib" {
+        return crate::platform::lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir);
+    }
+    if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+        return crate::platform::shared_lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir);
+    }
+    crate::platform::bin_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
+}
+
+fn collect_header_files(
+    ctx: &BuildContext,
+    project_root: &Path,
+) -> Result<Vec<std::path::PathBuf>, String> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut roots = Vec::new();
+    roots.push(project_root.join("src"));
+    for dir in ctx.include_dirs {
+        roots.push(Path::new(dir).to_path_buf());
+    }
+    for root in roots {
+        if !root.exists() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        collect_header_files_rec(&root, &mut out, ctx.exclude_dirs)?;
+    }
+    out.sort();
+    out.dedup();
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn collect_header_files_rec(
+    dir: &Path,
+    out: &mut Vec<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    exclude_dirs: &[std::path::PathBuf],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if is_excluded(dir, exclude_dirs) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|err| format!("read_dir error: {err}"))? {
+        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("read_dir error: {err}"))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.is_dir() {
+            if is_excluded(&path, exclude_dirs) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            collect_header_files_rec(&path, out, exclude_dirs)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if !path.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if is_header_file(&path) {
+            out.push(path);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_header_file(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    let ext = path.extension().and_then(|v| v.to_str()).unwrap_or("");
+    matches!(ext, "h" | "hpp" | "hh" | "hxx" | "inc")
+}
+
+fn collect_lib_files(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Vec<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for dir in ctx.lib_dirs {
+        let dir_path = Path::new(dir);
+        for lib in ctx.libs {
+            for candidate in lib_candidates(lib) {
+                let path = dir_path.join(candidate);
+                if path.is_file() {
+                    out.push(path);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn lib_candidates(name: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
+        return vec![format!("{name}.lib")];
+    }
+    if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+        return vec![
+            format!("lib{name}.a"),
+            format!("lib{name}.dylib"),
+            format!("lib{name}.so"),
+        ];
+    }
+    vec![
+        format!("lib{name}.a"),
+        format!("lib{name}.so"),
+        format!("lib{name}.so.0"),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn update_hasher_with_file(hasher: &mut Sha256, path: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
+    hasher.update(path.to_string_lossy().as_bytes());
+    let meta = fs::metadata(path).map_err(|err| format!("source read error: {err}"))?;
+    hasher.update(meta.len().to_le_bytes());
+    if let Ok(modified) = meta.modified()
+        && let Ok(duration) = modified.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+    {
+        hasher.update(duration.as_nanos().to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_excluded(path: &Path, exclude_dirs: &[std::path::PathBuf]) -> bool {
+    exclude_dirs.iter().any(|dir| path.starts_with(dir))
+}
+
+fn to_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(bytes.len() * 2);
+    for b in bytes {
+        out.push_str(&format!("{:02x}", b));
+    }
+    out
+}

src/cli/clean.rs

@@ -1,63 +1,138 @@
 use crate::config::flags;
-use crate::utils::fs::check_dir;
+use crate::core::config::Config;
+use crate::core::workspace::parse_workspace;
+use crate::utils::fs::{check_dir, find_project_root};
 use crate::utils::log::{error, warn};
 use crate::utils::text::{BOLD_GREEN, colored};
 use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
 
 pub fn clean(args: &[String]) -> i32 {
-    let project_name = std::env::current_dir()
+    let start_dir = match std::env::current_dir() {
-        .ok()
+        Ok(dir) => dir,
-        .and_then(|p| p.file_name().map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().to_string()))
+        Err(_) => {
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| "project".to_string());
+            error("Failed to determine current directory");
-    let items = check_dir(None).unwrap_or_default();
-
-    if args.len() > 1 {
-        error("Unknown argument");
-        return 1;
-    }
-    if !items.contains(&"dcr.toml".to_string()) {
-        error("dcr.toml file not found");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    println!(
-        "    Cleaning project `{}`",
-        colored(&project_name, BOLD_GREEN)
-    );
-    if !items.contains(&"target".to_string()) {
-        warn("Directory target not found");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    if let Some(arg) = args.first() {
-        let mut profile = arg.clone();
-        if profile.starts_with("--") {
-            profile = profile.trim_start_matches("--").to_string();
-        }
-        if flags(&profile).is_none() {
-            error("Unknown profile");
             return 1;
         }
-
+    };
-        let target_items = check_dir(Some("target")).unwrap_or_default();
+    let root = match find_project_root(&start_dir) {
-        if !target_items.contains(&profile) {
+        Ok(Some(dir)) => dir,
-            warn(&format!("Directory target/{profile} not found"));
+        Ok(None) => {
+            error("dcr.toml file not found");
             return 1;
         }
+        Err(_) => {
+            error("Failed to find project root");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    };
+    let flags = match parse_clean_flags(args) {
+        Ok(v) => v,
+        Err(msg) => {
+            error(&msg);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    };
 
-        println!("    Profile: {}", colored(&profile, BOLD_GREEN));
+    match with_dir(&root, || clean_from_root(&root, &flags)) {
-        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(format!("target/{profile}"));
+        Ok(()) => 0,
+        Err(msg) => {
+            error(&msg);
+            1
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct CleanFlags {
+    profile: Option<String>,
+    all: bool,
+}
+
+fn parse_clean_flags(args: &[String]) -> Result<CleanFlags, String> {
+    let mut profile: Option<String> = None;
+    let mut all = false;
+    for arg in args {
+        if arg == "--all" {
+            all = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if arg.starts_with("--") {
+            let candidate = arg.trim_start_matches("--").to_string();
+            if flags(&candidate).is_some() {
+                if profile.is_some() {
+                    return Err("Duplicate profile flag".to_string());
+                }
+                profile = Some(candidate);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        return Err("Unknown argument".to_string());
+    }
+    Ok(CleanFlags { profile, all })
+}
+
+fn clean_from_root(root: &Path, flags: &CleanFlags) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let config = Config::open("./dcr.toml").map_err(|err| err.to_string())?;
+    if flags.all
+        && let Some(workspace) = parse_workspace(&config, root)?
+    {
+        for member in &workspace.members {
+            clean_project_at(&member.path, flags.profile.as_deref())?;
+        }
+    }
+    clean_project_at(root, flags.profile.as_deref())
+}
+
+fn clean_project_at(project_root: &Path, profile: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    with_dir(project_root, || {
+        let project_name = std::env::current_dir()
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|p| p.file_name().map(|v| v.to_string_lossy().to_string()))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "project".to_string());
+        let items = check_dir(None).map_err(|_| "Failed to read project directory".to_string())?;
+        if !items.contains(&"dcr.toml".to_string()) {
+            return Err("dcr.toml file not found".to_string());
+        }
         println!(
-            "{} Removed directory target/{profile}",
+            "    Cleaning project `{}`",
+            colored(&project_name, BOLD_GREEN)
+        );
+        if !items.contains(&"target".to_string()) {
+            warn("Directory target not found");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(profile) = profile {
+            let target_items = check_dir(Some("target")).unwrap_or_default();
+            if !target_items.contains(&profile.to_string()) {
+                warn(&format!("Directory target/{profile} not found"));
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            println!("    Profile: {}", colored(profile, BOLD_GREEN));
+            let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(format!("target/{profile}"));
+            println!(
+                "{} Removed directory target/{profile}",
+                colored("\n    ✔", BOLD_GREEN)
+            );
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all("target");
+        println!(
+            "{} Removed directory target",
             colored("\n    ✔", BOLD_GREEN)
         );
-        return 0;
+        Ok(())
-    }
+    })
-
+}
-    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all("target");
+
-    println!(
+fn with_dir<F, T>(dir: &Path, f: F) -> Result<T, String>
-        "{} Removed directory target",
+where
-        colored("\n    ✔", BOLD_GREEN)
+    F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, String>,
-    );
+{
-    0
+    let prev = std::env::current_dir().map_err(|_| "Failed to get current dir".to_string())?;
+    std::env::set_current_dir(dir).map_err(|_| "Failed to change directory".to_string())?;
+    let result = f();
+    let _ = std::env::set_current_dir(prev);
+    result
 }

src/cli/run.rs

@@ -2,25 +2,40 @@ use crate::cli::build::build;
 use crate::config::{PROFILE, flags};
 use crate::core::config::Config;
 use crate::core::runner::run_binary;
-use crate::utils::fs::check_dir;
+use crate::utils::fs::find_project_root;
 use crate::utils::log::{error, warn};
 use crate::utils::text::{BOLD_GREEN, colored};
+use std::path::Path;
 
 pub fn run(args: &[String]) -> i32 {
     let mut active_profile = PROFILE.to_string();
 
-    let items = check_dir(None).unwrap_or_default();
+    let start_dir = match std::env::current_dir() {
-    if !items.contains(&"dcr.toml".to_string()) {
+        Ok(dir) => dir,
-        error("dcr.toml file not found");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    let config = match Config::open("./dcr.toml") {
-        Ok(cfg) => cfg,
         Err(_) => {
+            error("Failed to determine current directory");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    };
+    let root = match find_project_root(&start_dir) {
+        Ok(Some(dir)) => dir,
+        Ok(None) => {
             error("dcr.toml file not found");
             return 1;
         }
+        Err(_) => {
+            error("Failed to find project root");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    };
+    let config = match with_dir(&root, || {
+        Config::open("./dcr.toml").map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+    }) {
+        Ok(cfg) => cfg,
+        Err(err) => {
+            error(&err);
+            return 1;
+        }
     };
     let project_name: &str = config
         .get("package.name")
@@ -51,8 +66,9 @@ pub fn run(args: &[String]) -> i32 {
         }
     }
 
-    if build_kind.trim() == "staticlib" {
+    let kind = build_kind.trim();
-        error("Cannot run static library");
+    if kind == "staticlib" || kind == "sharedlib" {
+        error("Cannot run library build");
         return 1;
     }
     let build_status = build(args);
@@ -71,3 +87,14 @@ pub fn run(args: &[String]) -> i32 {
     error("Fix errors in the code to run the project");
     1
 }
+
+fn with_dir<F, T>(dir: &Path, f: F) -> Result<T, String>
+where
+    F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, String>,
+{
+    let prev = std::env::current_dir().map_err(|_| "Failed to get current dir".to_string())?;
+    std::env::set_current_dir(dir).map_err(|_| "Failed to change directory".to_string())?;
+    let result = f();
+    let _ = std::env::set_current_dir(prev);
+    result
+}

src/core/builder/clang.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::core::builder::BuildContext;
 use crate::platform;
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::Command;
 use std::time::Instant;
 
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
         ctx.compiler
     };
     let start_time = Instant::now();
-    let sources = collect_sources(ctx.language)?;
+    let sources = collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs)?;
     let obj_dir = Path::new("./target").join(ctx.profile).join("obj");
     let objects = build_objects(compiler, &sources, &obj_dir, ctx, "o")?;
 
     if ctx.kind == "staticlib" {
         let lib_path = platform::lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir);
-        let mut cmd = Command::new("ar");
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(ctx.archiver.unwrap_or("ar"));
         cmd.arg("rcs").arg(&lib_path);
         for obj in &objects {
             cmd.arg(obj);
@@ -33,7 +33,14 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
         }
     }
 
-    let mut cmd = Command::new(compiler);
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(ctx.linker.unwrap_or(compiler));
+    if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+            cmd.arg("-dynamiclib");
+        } else {
+            cmd.arg("-shared");
+        }
+    }
     for obj in &objects {
         cmd.arg(obj);
     }
@@ -52,11 +59,12 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     for flag in ctx.ldflags {
         cmd.arg(flag);
     }
-    cmd.arg("-o").arg(platform::bin_path(
+    let out_path = if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
-        ctx.profile,
+        platform::shared_lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
-        ctx.project_name,
+    } else {
-        ctx.target_dir,
+        platform::bin_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
-    ));
+    };
+    cmd.arg("-o").arg(out_path);
 
     match cmd.status() {
         Ok(status) if status.success() => {
@@ -68,10 +76,13 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     }
 }
 
-fn collect_sources(language: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+pub(crate) fn collect_sources(
+    language: &str,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
     let lang = language.to_lowercase();
     let mut sources = Vec::new();
-    collect_sources_rec("./src", &lang, &mut sources)?;
+    collect_sources_rec("./src", &lang, &mut sources, exclude_dirs)?;
     sources.sort();
     if sources.is_empty() {
         return Err("No source files found in ./src".to_string());
@@ -79,13 +90,32 @@ fn collect_sources(language: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
     Ok(sources)
 }
 
-fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn collect_sources_rec(
-    let entries = fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
+    dir: &str,
+    lang: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<String>,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let dir_path = Path::new(dir);
+    let full_dir = if dir_path.is_absolute() {
+        dir_path.to_path_buf()
+    } else {
+        std::env::current_dir()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?
+            .join(dir_path)
+    };
+    if is_excluded(&full_dir, exclude_dirs) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let entries = fs::read_dir(&full_dir).map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
     for entry in entries {
         let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
         let path = entry.path();
         if path.is_dir() {
-            collect_sources_rec(&path.to_string_lossy(), lang, out)?;
+            if is_excluded(&path, exclude_dirs) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            collect_sources_rec(&path.to_string_lossy(), lang, out, exclude_dirs)?;
             continue;
         }
         if !path.is_file() {
@@ -96,10 +126,11 @@ fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(
             .and_then(|v| v.to_str())
             .unwrap_or("")
             .to_lowercase();
-        let file = path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let file = normalize_source_path(&path);
         let allowed = (lang == "c" && ext == "c")
             || ((lang == "c++" || lang == "cpp" || lang == "cxx")
-                && (ext == "cpp" || ext == "cxx" || ext == "cc"));
+                && (ext == "cpp" || ext == "cxx" || ext == "cc"))
+            || (lang == "asm" && (ext == "s" || ext == "asm"));
         if allowed {
             out.push(file);
         }
@@ -107,6 +138,22 @@ fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn is_excluded(path: &Path, exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf]) -> bool {
+    exclude_dirs.iter().any(|dir| path.starts_with(dir))
+}
+
+fn normalize_source_path(path: &Path) -> String {
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        return path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Ok(base) = std::env::current_dir()
+        && let Ok(rel) = path.strip_prefix(&base)
+    {
+        return format!("./{}", rel.to_string_lossy());
+    }
+    path.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+}
+
 fn default_flags(profile: &str) -> &'static [&'static str] {
     match profile {
         "release" => &["-O3", "-DNDEBUG", "-march=native"],
@@ -138,7 +185,18 @@ fn build_objects(
         if needs_rebuild(source, &obj_path) {
             let mut cmd = Command::new(compiler);
             cmd.arg("-c").arg(source).arg("-o").arg(&obj_path);
-            if !ctx.standard.is_empty() {
+            if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+                cmd.arg("-fPIC");
+            }
+            if let Some(flag) = asm_lang_flag(source) {
+                cmd.arg("-x").arg(flag);
+            }
+            if let Some(platform) = ctx.platform
+                && !platform.trim().is_empty()
+            {
+                cmd.arg(format!("-march={}", platform));
+            }
+            if !ctx.standard.is_empty() && ctx.language.to_lowercase() != "asm" {
                 cmd.arg(format!("-std={}", ctx.standard));
             }
             for flag in default_flags(ctx.profile) {
@@ -161,6 +219,15 @@ fn build_objects(
     Ok(objects)
 }
 
+fn asm_lang_flag(source: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    let ext = Path::new(source).extension().and_then(|v| v.to_str())?;
+    match ext {
+        "S" => Some("assembler-with-cpp"),
+        "s" | "asm" => Some("assembler"),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 fn object_path(obj_dir: &Path, source: &str, obj_ext: &str) -> String {
     let src_path = Path::new(source);
     let rel = src_path

src/core/builder/gas.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+use crate::core::builder::BuildContext;
+use crate::platform;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
+    if ctx.language.to_lowercase().as_str() != "asm" {
+        return Err("GAS backend requires build.language = \"asm\"".to_string());
+    }
+    let assembler = if ctx.compiler.is_empty() {
+        "as"
+    } else {
+        ctx.compiler
+    };
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    let sources = collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs)?;
+    let obj_dir = Path::new("./target").join(ctx.profile).join("obj");
+    let objects = build_objects(assembler, &sources, &obj_dir, ctx, "o")?;
+
+    if ctx.kind == "staticlib" {
+        let lib_path = platform::lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir);
+        let archiver = ctx.archiver.unwrap_or(if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
+            "lib"
+        } else {
+            "ar"
+        });
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(archiver);
+        if cfg!(target_os = "windows") && archiver == "lib" {
+            cmd.arg("/nologo").arg(format!("/OUT:{lib_path}"));
+        } else {
+            cmd.arg("rcs").arg(&lib_path);
+        }
+        for obj in &objects {
+            cmd.arg(obj);
+        }
+        match cmd.status() {
+            Ok(status) if status.success() => {
+                let elapsed = ((start_time.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 100.0).trunc()) / 100.0;
+                return Ok(elapsed);
+            }
+            Ok(_) => return Err("Build failed".to_string()),
+            Err(err) => return Err(format!("Build failed: {err}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(ctx.linker.unwrap_or("cc"));
+    if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+            cmd.arg("-dynamiclib");
+        } else {
+            cmd.arg("-shared");
+        }
+    }
+    for obj in &objects {
+        cmd.arg(obj);
+    }
+    for dir in ctx.lib_dirs {
+        cmd.arg(format!("-L{dir}"));
+    }
+    for lib in ctx.libs {
+        cmd.arg(format!("-l{lib}"));
+    }
+    for flag in ctx.ldflags {
+        cmd.arg(flag);
+    }
+    let out_path = if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+        platform::shared_lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
+    } else {
+        platform::bin_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
+    };
+    cmd.arg("-o").arg(out_path);
+
+    match cmd.status() {
+        Ok(status) if status.success() => {
+            let elapsed = ((start_time.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 100.0).trunc()) / 100.0;
+            Ok(elapsed)
+        }
+        Ok(_) => Err("Build failed".to_string()),
+        Err(err) => Err(format!("Build failed: {err}")),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn collect_sources(
+    language: &str,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let lang = language.to_lowercase();
+    let mut sources = Vec::new();
+    collect_sources_rec("./src", &lang, &mut sources, exclude_dirs)?;
+    sources.sort();
+    if sources.is_empty() {
+        return Err("No source files found in ./src".to_string());
+    }
+    Ok(sources)
+}
+
+fn collect_sources_rec(
+    dir: &str,
+    lang: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<String>,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let dir_path = Path::new(dir);
+    let full_dir = if dir_path.is_absolute() {
+        dir_path.to_path_buf()
+    } else {
+        std::env::current_dir()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?
+            .join(dir_path)
+    };
+    if is_excluded(&full_dir, exclude_dirs) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let entries = fs::read_dir(&full_dir).map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
+    for entry in entries {
+        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.is_dir() {
+            if is_excluded(&path, exclude_dirs) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            collect_sources_rec(&path.to_string_lossy(), lang, out, exclude_dirs)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if !path.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let ext_raw = path.extension().and_then(|v| v.to_str()).unwrap_or("");
+        let ext = ext_raw.to_lowercase();
+        let file = normalize_source_path(&path);
+        let allowed = lang == "asm" && ext == "s" && ext_raw == "s";
+        if allowed {
+            out.push(file);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_excluded(path: &Path, exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf]) -> bool {
+    exclude_dirs.iter().any(|dir| path.starts_with(dir))
+}
+
+fn normalize_source_path(path: &Path) -> String {
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        return path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Ok(base) = std::env::current_dir()
+        && let Ok(rel) = path.strip_prefix(&base)
+    {
+        return format!("./{}", rel.to_string_lossy());
+    }
+    path.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+}
+
+fn build_objects(
+    assembler: &str,
+    sources: &[String],
+    obj_dir: &Path,
+    ctx: &BuildContext,
+    obj_ext: &str,
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let mut objects = Vec::new();
+    for source in sources {
+        let obj_path = object_path(obj_dir, source, obj_ext);
+        if let Some(parent) = Path::new(&obj_path).parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|err| format!("obj dir error: {err}"))?;
+        }
+        if needs_rebuild(source, &obj_path) {
+            let mut cmd = Command::new(assembler);
+            cmd.arg(source).arg("-o").arg(&obj_path);
+            for flag in ctx.cflags {
+                cmd.arg(flag);
+            }
+            match cmd.status() {
+                Ok(status) if status.success() => {}
+                Ok(_) => return Err("Build failed".to_string()),
+                Err(err) => return Err(format!("Build failed: {err}")),
+            }
+        }
+        objects.push(obj_path);
+    }
+    Ok(objects)
+}
+
+fn object_path(obj_dir: &Path, source: &str, obj_ext: &str) -> String {
+    let src_path = Path::new(source);
+    let rel = src_path
+        .strip_prefix("./src")
+        .or_else(|_| src_path.strip_prefix("src"))
+        .unwrap_or(src_path);
+    let mut out = obj_dir.join(rel);
+    out.set_extension(obj_ext.trim_start_matches('.'));
+    out.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+}
+
+fn needs_rebuild(source: &str, object: &str) -> bool {
+    let src_time = fs::metadata(source).and_then(|m| m.modified());
+    let obj_time = fs::metadata(object).and_then(|m| m.modified());
+    match (src_time, obj_time) {
+        (Ok(s), Ok(o)) => s > o,
+        (Ok(_), Err(_)) => true,
+        _ => true,
+    }
+}

src/core/builder/gcc.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::core::builder::BuildContext;
 use crate::platform;
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::Command;
 use std::time::Instant;
 
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
         ctx.compiler
     };
     let start_time = Instant::now();
-    let sources = collect_sources(ctx.language)?;
+    let sources = collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs)?;
     let obj_dir = Path::new("./target").join(ctx.profile).join("obj");
     let objects = build_objects(compiler, &sources, &obj_dir, ctx, "o")?;
 
     if ctx.kind == "staticlib" {
         let lib_path = platform::lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir);
-        let mut cmd = Command::new("ar");
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(ctx.archiver.unwrap_or("ar"));
         cmd.arg("rcs").arg(&lib_path);
         for obj in &objects {
             cmd.arg(obj);
@@ -33,7 +33,14 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
         }
     }
 
-    let mut cmd = Command::new(compiler);
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(ctx.linker.unwrap_or(compiler));
+    if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+            cmd.arg("-dynamiclib");
+        } else {
+            cmd.arg("-shared");
+        }
+    }
     for obj in &objects {
         cmd.arg(obj);
     }
@@ -52,11 +59,12 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     for flag in ctx.ldflags {
         cmd.arg(flag);
     }
-    cmd.arg("-o").arg(platform::bin_path(
+    let out_path = if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
-        ctx.profile,
+        platform::shared_lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
-        ctx.project_name,
+    } else {
-        ctx.target_dir,
+        platform::bin_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
-    ));
+    };
+    cmd.arg("-o").arg(out_path);
 
     match cmd.status() {
         Ok(status) if status.success() => {
@@ -68,10 +76,13 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     }
 }
 
-fn collect_sources(language: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+pub(crate) fn collect_sources(
+    language: &str,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
     let lang = language.to_lowercase();
     let mut sources = Vec::new();
-    collect_sources_rec("./src", &lang, &mut sources)?;
+    collect_sources_rec("./src", &lang, &mut sources, exclude_dirs)?;
     sources.sort();
     if sources.is_empty() {
         return Err("No source files found in ./src".to_string());
@@ -79,13 +90,32 @@ fn collect_sources(language: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
     Ok(sources)
 }
 
-fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn collect_sources_rec(
-    let entries = fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
+    dir: &str,
+    lang: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<String>,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let dir_path = Path::new(dir);
+    let full_dir = if dir_path.is_absolute() {
+        dir_path.to_path_buf()
+    } else {
+        std::env::current_dir()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?
+            .join(dir_path)
+    };
+    if is_excluded(&full_dir, exclude_dirs) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let entries = fs::read_dir(&full_dir).map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
     for entry in entries {
         let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
         let path = entry.path();
         if path.is_dir() {
-            collect_sources_rec(&path.to_string_lossy(), lang, out)?;
+            if is_excluded(&path, exclude_dirs) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            collect_sources_rec(&path.to_string_lossy(), lang, out, exclude_dirs)?;
             continue;
         }
         if !path.is_file() {
@@ -96,10 +126,11 @@ fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(
             .and_then(|v| v.to_str())
             .unwrap_or("")
             .to_lowercase();
-        let file = path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let file = normalize_source_path(&path);
         let allowed = (lang == "c" && ext == "c")
             || ((lang == "c++" || lang == "cpp" || lang == "cxx")
-                && (ext == "cpp" || ext == "cxx" || ext == "cc"));
+                && (ext == "cpp" || ext == "cxx" || ext == "cc"))
+            || (lang == "asm" && (ext == "s" || ext == "asm"));
         if allowed {
             out.push(file);
         }
@@ -107,6 +138,22 @@ fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn is_excluded(path: &Path, exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf]) -> bool {
+    exclude_dirs.iter().any(|dir| path.starts_with(dir))
+}
+
+fn normalize_source_path(path: &Path) -> String {
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        return path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Ok(base) = std::env::current_dir()
+        && let Ok(rel) = path.strip_prefix(&base)
+    {
+        return format!("./{}", rel.to_string_lossy());
+    }
+    path.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+}
+
 fn default_flags(profile: &str) -> &'static [&'static str] {
     match profile {
         "release" => &["-O3", "-DNDEBUG", "-march=native"],
@@ -138,7 +185,18 @@ fn build_objects(
         if needs_rebuild(source, &obj_path) {
             let mut cmd = Command::new(compiler);
             cmd.arg("-c").arg(source).arg("-o").arg(&obj_path);
-            if !ctx.standard.is_empty() {
+            if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+                cmd.arg("-fPIC");
+            }
+            if let Some(flag) = asm_lang_flag(source) {
+                cmd.arg("-x").arg(flag);
+            }
+            if let Some(platform) = ctx.platform
+                && !platform.trim().is_empty()
+            {
+                cmd.arg(format!("-march={}", platform));
+            }
+            if !ctx.standard.is_empty() && ctx.language.to_lowercase() != "asm" {
                 cmd.arg(format!("-std={}", ctx.standard));
             }
             for flag in default_flags(ctx.profile) {
@@ -161,6 +219,15 @@ fn build_objects(
     Ok(objects)
 }
 
+fn asm_lang_flag(source: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    let ext = Path::new(source).extension().and_then(|v| v.to_str())?;
+    match ext {
+        "S" => Some("assembler-with-cpp"),
+        "s" | "asm" => Some("assembler"),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 fn object_path(obj_dir: &Path, source: &str, obj_ext: &str) -> String {
     let src_path = Path::new(source);
     let rel = src_path

src/core/builder/mod.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 pub mod clang;
+pub mod gas;
 pub mod gcc;
 pub mod msvc;
+pub mod nasm;
 
 pub struct BuildContext<'a> {
     pub profile: &'a str,
@@ -10,6 +12,10 @@ pub struct BuildContext<'a> {
     pub standard: &'a str,
     pub target_dir: Option<&'a str>,
     pub kind: &'a str,
+    pub platform: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub linker: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub archiver: Option<&'a str>,
+    pub exclude_dirs: &'a [std::path::PathBuf],
     pub include_dirs: &'a [String],
     pub lib_dirs: &'a [String],
     pub libs: &'a [String],
@@ -22,6 +28,12 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     if compiler.contains("clang-cl") {
         return msvc::build(ctx);
     }
+    if compiler == "as" || compiler.contains("gas") {
+        return gas::build(ctx);
+    }
+    if compiler.contains("nasm") {
+        return nasm::build(ctx);
+    }
     if compiler.contains("gcc") || compiler.contains("g++") {
         return gcc::build(ctx);
     }
@@ -33,3 +45,26 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     }
     clang::build(ctx)
 }
+
+pub fn collect_sources(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let compiler = ctx.compiler.to_lowercase();
+    if compiler.contains("clang-cl") {
+        return msvc::collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs);
+    }
+    if compiler == "as" || compiler.contains("gas") {
+        return gas::collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs);
+    }
+    if compiler.contains("nasm") {
+        return nasm::collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs);
+    }
+    if compiler.contains("gcc") || compiler.contains("g++") {
+        return gcc::collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs);
+    }
+    if compiler.contains("clang") || compiler.contains("clang++") {
+        return clang::collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs);
+    }
+    if compiler == "cl" || compiler.contains("msvc") {
+        return msvc::collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs);
+    }
+    clang::collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs)
+}

src/core/builder/msvc.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::core::builder::BuildContext;
 use crate::platform;
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::Command;
 use std::time::Instant;
 
@@ -11,14 +11,17 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     } else {
         ctx.compiler
     };
+    if ctx.language.to_lowercase() == "asm" {
+        return Err("MSVC backend does not support build.language = \"asm\"".to_string());
+    }
     let start_time = Instant::now();
-    let sources = collect_sources(ctx.language)?;
+    let sources = collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs)?;
     let obj_dir = Path::new("./target").join(ctx.profile).join("obj");
     let objects = build_objects(compiler, &sources, &obj_dir, ctx, "obj")?;
 
     if ctx.kind == "staticlib" {
         let lib_path = platform::lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir);
-        let mut cmd = Command::new("lib");
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(ctx.archiver.unwrap_or("lib"));
         cmd.arg("/nologo").arg(format!("/OUT:{lib_path}"));
         for obj in &objects {
             cmd.arg(obj);
@@ -35,6 +38,9 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
 
     let mut cmd = Command::new(compiler);
     cmd.arg("/nologo");
+    if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+        cmd.arg("/LD");
+    }
     match ctx.language.to_lowercase().as_str() {
         "c" => {
             cmd.arg("/TC");
@@ -77,10 +83,12 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
             cmd.arg(flag);
         }
     }
-    cmd.arg(format!(
+    let out_path = if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
-        "/Fe:{}",
+        platform::shared_lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
+    } else {
         platform::bin_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
-    ));
+    };
+    cmd.arg(format!("/Fe:{out_path}"));
 
     match cmd.status() {
         Ok(status) if status.success() => {
@@ -92,10 +100,13 @@ pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
     }
 }
 
-fn collect_sources(language: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+pub(crate) fn collect_sources(
+    language: &str,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
     let lang = language.to_lowercase();
     let mut sources = Vec::new();
-    collect_sources_rec("./src", &lang, &mut sources)?;
+    collect_sources_rec("./src", &lang, &mut sources, exclude_dirs)?;
     sources.sort();
     if sources.is_empty() {
         return Err("No source files found in ./src".to_string());
@@ -103,13 +114,32 @@ fn collect_sources(language: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
     Ok(sources)
 }
 
-fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn collect_sources_rec(
-    let entries = fs::read_dir(dir).map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
+    dir: &str,
+    lang: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<String>,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let dir_path = Path::new(dir);
+    let full_dir = if dir_path.is_absolute() {
+        dir_path.to_path_buf()
+    } else {
+        std::env::current_dir()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?
+            .join(dir_path)
+    };
+    if is_excluded(&full_dir, exclude_dirs) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let entries = fs::read_dir(&full_dir).map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
     for entry in entries {
         let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
         let path = entry.path();
         if path.is_dir() {
-            collect_sources_rec(&path.to_string_lossy(), lang, out)?;
+            if is_excluded(&path, exclude_dirs) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            collect_sources_rec(&path.to_string_lossy(), lang, out, exclude_dirs)?;
             continue;
         }
         if !path.is_file() {
@@ -120,10 +150,11 @@ fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(
             .and_then(|v| v.to_str())
             .unwrap_or("")
             .to_lowercase();
-        let file = path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let file = normalize_source_path(&path);
         let allowed = (lang == "c" && ext == "c")
             || ((lang == "c++" || lang == "cpp" || lang == "cxx")
-                && (ext == "cpp" || ext == "cxx" || ext == "cc"));
+                && (ext == "cpp" || ext == "cxx" || ext == "cc"))
+            || (lang == "asm" && (ext == "s" || ext == "asm"));
         if allowed {
             out.push(file);
         }
@@ -131,6 +162,22 @@ fn collect_sources_rec(dir: &str, lang: &str, out: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn is_excluded(path: &Path, exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf]) -> bool {
+    exclude_dirs.iter().any(|dir| path.starts_with(dir))
+}
+
+fn normalize_source_path(path: &Path) -> String {
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        return path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Ok(base) = std::env::current_dir()
+        && let Ok(rel) = path.strip_prefix(&base)
+    {
+        return format!("./{}", rel.to_string_lossy());
+    }
+    path.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+}
+
 fn msvc_standard_flag(language: &str, standard: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
     let lang = language.to_lowercase();
     let std = standard.to_lowercase();
@@ -154,6 +201,23 @@ fn msvc_standard_flag(language: &str, standard: &str) -> Result<String, String>
     Err("Unsupported language".to_string())
 }
 
+fn msvc_arch_flag(platform: Option<&str>) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    let raw = platform?.trim();
+    if raw.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let p = raw.to_lowercase().replace('-', "_");
+    if p == "x86" || (p.starts_with('i') && p.ends_with("86") && p.len() == 4) {
+        return Some("/arch:IA32");
+    }
+    match p.as_str() {
+        "sse2" => Some("/arch:SSE2"),
+        "avx" => Some("/arch:AVX"),
+        "avx2" => Some("/arch:AVX2"),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 fn default_flags(profile: &str) -> &'static [&'static str] {
     match profile {
         "release" => &["/O2", "/DNDEBUG"],
@@ -189,10 +253,13 @@ fn build_objects(
                     return Err("Unsupported language".to_string());
                 }
             }
-            if !ctx.standard.is_empty() {
+            if !ctx.standard.is_empty() && ctx.language.to_lowercase() != "asm" {
                 let std_flag = msvc_standard_flag(ctx.language, ctx.standard)?;
                 cmd.arg(std_flag);
             }
+            if let Some(flag) = msvc_arch_flag(ctx.platform) {
+                cmd.arg(flag);
+            }
             for flag in default_flags(ctx.profile) {
                 cmd.arg(flag);
             }

src/core/builder/nasm.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+use crate::core::builder::BuildContext;
+use crate::platform;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+pub fn build(ctx: &BuildContext) -> Result<f64, String> {
+    if ctx.language.to_lowercase().as_str() != "asm" {
+        return Err("NASM backend requires build.language = \"asm\"".to_string());
+    }
+    let assembler = if ctx.compiler.is_empty() {
+        "nasm"
+    } else {
+        ctx.compiler
+    };
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    let sources = collect_sources(ctx.language, ctx.exclude_dirs)?;
+    let obj_dir = Path::new("./target").join(ctx.profile).join("obj");
+    let objects = build_objects(assembler, &sources, &obj_dir, ctx, "o")?;
+
+    if ctx.kind == "staticlib" {
+        let lib_path = platform::lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir);
+        let archiver = ctx.archiver.unwrap_or(if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
+            "lib"
+        } else {
+            "ar"
+        });
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(archiver);
+        if cfg!(target_os = "windows") && archiver == "lib" {
+            cmd.arg("/nologo").arg(format!("/OUT:{lib_path}"));
+        } else {
+            cmd.arg("rcs").arg(&lib_path);
+        }
+        for obj in &objects {
+            cmd.arg(obj);
+        }
+        match cmd.status() {
+            Ok(status) if status.success() => {
+                let elapsed = ((start_time.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 100.0).trunc()) / 100.0;
+                return Ok(elapsed);
+            }
+            Ok(_) => return Err("Build failed".to_string()),
+            Err(err) => return Err(format!("Build failed: {err}")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(ctx.linker.unwrap_or("cc"));
+    if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+            cmd.arg("-dynamiclib");
+        } else {
+            cmd.arg("-shared");
+        }
+    }
+    for obj in &objects {
+        cmd.arg(obj);
+    }
+    for dir in ctx.lib_dirs {
+        cmd.arg(format!("-L{dir}"));
+    }
+    for lib in ctx.libs {
+        cmd.arg(format!("-l{lib}"));
+    }
+    for flag in ctx.ldflags {
+        cmd.arg(flag);
+    }
+    let out_path = if ctx.kind == "sharedlib" {
+        platform::shared_lib_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
+    } else {
+        platform::bin_path(ctx.profile, ctx.project_name, ctx.target_dir)
+    };
+    cmd.arg("-o").arg(out_path);
+
+    match cmd.status() {
+        Ok(status) if status.success() => {
+            let elapsed = ((start_time.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 100.0).trunc()) / 100.0;
+            Ok(elapsed)
+        }
+        Ok(_) => Err("Build failed".to_string()),
+        Err(err) => Err(format!("Build failed: {err}")),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn collect_sources(
+    language: &str,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let lang = language.to_lowercase();
+    let mut sources = Vec::new();
+    collect_sources_rec("./src", &lang, &mut sources, exclude_dirs)?;
+    sources.sort();
+    if sources.is_empty() {
+        return Err("No source files found in ./src".to_string());
+    }
+    Ok(sources)
+}
+
+fn collect_sources_rec(
+    dir: &str,
+    lang: &str,
+    out: &mut Vec<String>,
+    exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let dir_path = Path::new(dir);
+    let full_dir = if dir_path.is_absolute() {
+        dir_path.to_path_buf()
+    } else {
+        std::env::current_dir()
+            .map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?
+            .join(dir_path)
+    };
+    if is_excluded(&full_dir, exclude_dirs) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let entries = fs::read_dir(&full_dir).map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
+    for entry in entries {
+        let entry = entry.map_err(|err| format!("src dir error: {err}"))?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.is_dir() {
+            if is_excluded(&path, exclude_dirs) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            collect_sources_rec(&path.to_string_lossy(), lang, out, exclude_dirs)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if !path.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let ext_raw = path.extension().and_then(|v| v.to_str()).unwrap_or("");
+        let ext = ext_raw.to_lowercase();
+        let file = normalize_source_path(&path);
+        let allowed = lang == "asm" && (ext == "asm" || (ext == "s" && ext_raw == "s"));
+        if allowed {
+            out.push(file);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_excluded(path: &Path, exclude_dirs: &[PathBuf]) -> bool {
+    exclude_dirs.iter().any(|dir| path.starts_with(dir))
+}
+
+fn normalize_source_path(path: &Path) -> String {
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        return path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Ok(base) = std::env::current_dir()
+        && let Ok(rel) = path.strip_prefix(&base)
+    {
+        return format!("./{}", rel.to_string_lossy());
+    }
+    path.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+}
+
+fn build_objects(
+    assembler: &str,
+    sources: &[String],
+    obj_dir: &Path,
+    ctx: &BuildContext,
+    obj_ext: &str,
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let mut objects = Vec::new();
+    let format = nasm_format(ctx.platform);
+    for source in sources {
+        let obj_path = object_path(obj_dir, source, obj_ext);
+        if let Some(parent) = Path::new(&obj_path).parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|err| format!("obj dir error: {err}"))?;
+        }
+        if needs_rebuild(source, &obj_path) {
+            let mut cmd = Command::new(assembler);
+            cmd.arg("-f")
+                .arg(format)
+                .arg(source)
+                .arg("-o")
+                .arg(&obj_path);
+            for flag in ctx.cflags {
+                cmd.arg(flag);
+            }
+            match cmd.status() {
+                Ok(status) if status.success() => {}
+                Ok(_) => return Err("Build failed".to_string()),
+                Err(err) => return Err(format!("Build failed: {err}")),
+            }
+        }
+        objects.push(obj_path);
+    }
+    Ok(objects)
+}
+
+fn nasm_format(platform: Option<&str>) -> &'static str {
+    if let Some(p) = platform {
+        let p = p.to_lowercase().replace('-', "_");
+        if p == "x86" || (p.starts_with('i') && p.ends_with("86") && p.len() == 4) {
+            #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+            {
+                return "macho32";
+            }
+            #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+            {
+                return "win32";
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")))]
+            {
+                return "elf32";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    {
+        "elf64"
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    {
+        "macho64"
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    {
+        "win64"
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")))]
+    {
+        "elf64"
+    }
+}
+
+fn object_path(obj_dir: &Path, source: &str, obj_ext: &str) -> String {
+    let src_path = Path::new(source);
+    let rel = src_path
+        .strip_prefix("./src")
+        .or_else(|_| src_path.strip_prefix("src"))
+        .unwrap_or(src_path);
+    let mut out = obj_dir.join(rel);
+    out.set_extension(obj_ext.trim_start_matches('.'));
+    out.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+}
+
+fn needs_rebuild(source: &str, object: &str) -> bool {
+    let src_time = fs::metadata(source).and_then(|m| m.modified());
+    let obj_time = fs::metadata(object).and_then(|m| m.modified());
+    match (src_time, obj_time) {
+        (Ok(s), Ok(o)) => s > o,
+        (Ok(_), Err(_)) => true,
+        _ => true,
+    }
+}

src/core/config.rs

@@ -115,18 +115,36 @@ impl Config {
             .and_then(|v| v.as_table())
             .ok_or_else(|| ConfigError::Invalid("missing [build]".into()))?;
 
-        for key in ["language", "standard", "compiler", "kind"] {
+        for key in ["language", "standard", "compiler"] {
             let value = build.get(key).and_then(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap_or("");
             if value.trim().is_empty() {
                 return Err(ConfigError::Invalid(format!("build.{key} is empty")));
             }
         }
+        if let Some(platform) = build.get("platform")
+            && !platform
+                .as_str()
+                .map(|v| !v.trim().is_empty())
+                .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            return Err(ConfigError::Invalid("build.platform is empty".into()));
+        }
+        if let Some(toolchain) = self.get("toolchain").and_then(|v| v.as_table()) {
+            for key in ["cc", "cxx", "as", "ar", "ld"] {
+                if let Some(v) = toolchain.get(key)
+                    && !v.as_str().map(|s| !s.trim().is_empty()).unwrap_or(false)
+                {
+                    return Err(ConfigError::Invalid(format!("toolchain.{key} is invalid")));
+                }
+            }
+        }
         if let Some(kind) = build.get("kind").and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
             let kind = kind.trim();
-            if kind != "bin" && kind != "staticlib" {
+            if !kind.is_empty() && kind != "bin" && kind != "staticlib" && kind != "sharedlib" {
                 return Err(ConfigError::Invalid("build.kind is invalid".into()));
             }
         }
+        self.validate_workspace()?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -142,6 +160,39 @@ impl Config {
     }
 }
 
+impl Config {
+    fn validate_workspace(&self) -> Result<(), ConfigError> {
+        let Some(workspace) = self.get("workspace").and_then(|v| v.as_table()) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        for (name, value) in workspace {
+            let tbl = value
+                .as_table()
+                .ok_or_else(|| ConfigError::Invalid(format!("workspace.{name} must be a table")))?;
+            let path = tbl.get("path").and_then(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap_or("");
+            if path.trim().is_empty() {
+                return Err(ConfigError::Invalid(format!(
+                    "workspace.{name}.path is empty"
+                )));
+            }
+            if let Some(deps) = tbl.get("deps") {
+                let arr = deps.as_array().ok_or_else(|| {
+                    ConfigError::Invalid(format!("workspace.{name}.deps must be array"))
+                })?;
+                for item in arr {
+                    let s = item.as_str().unwrap_or("");
+                    if s.trim().is_empty() {
+                        return Err(ConfigError::Invalid(format!(
+                            "workspace.{name}.deps contains empty value"
+                        )));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
 fn read_toml(path: &Path) -> Result<Value, ConfigError> {
     let content = fs::read_to_string(path)?;
     Ok(toml::from_str(&content)?)
@@ -205,6 +256,7 @@ fn format_toml(value: &Value) -> Result<String, ConfigError> {
         .get("dependencies")
         .and_then(|v| v.as_table())
         .ok_or_else(|| ConfigError::Invalid("missing [dependencies]".into()))?;
+    let toolchain = root.get("toolchain").and_then(|v| v.as_table());
 
     let name = package.get("name").and_then(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap_or("");
     let version = package
@@ -243,6 +295,24 @@ fn format_toml(value: &Value) -> Result<String, ConfigError> {
     }
     out.push('\n');
 
+    if let Some(toolchain) = toolchain {
+        let mut lines = Vec::new();
+        for key in ["cc", "cxx", "as", "ar", "ld"] {
+            if let Some(value) = toolchain.get(key).and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+                && !value.trim().is_empty()
+            {
+                lines.push(format!("{key} = \"{value}\""));
+            }
+        }
+        if !lines.is_empty() {
+            out.push_str("[toolchain]\n");
+            for line in lines {
+                out.push_str(&format!("{line}\n"));
+            }
+            out.push('\n');
+        }
+    }
+
     out.push_str("[dependencies]\n");
     if !deps.is_empty() {
         let mut keys: Vec<&String> = deps.keys().collect();

src/core/mod.rs

@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ pub mod builder;
 pub mod config;
 pub mod deps;
 pub mod runner;
+pub mod workspace;

src/core/workspace.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use crate::core::config::Config;
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use toml::Value;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct WorkspaceMember {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+    pub deps: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Workspace {
+    pub members: Vec<WorkspaceMember>,
+}
+
+pub fn parse_workspace(config: &Config, root: &Path) -> Result<Option<Workspace>, String> {
+    let table = match config.get("workspace").and_then(|v| v.as_table()) {
+        Some(t) => t,
+        None => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let mut members = Vec::new();
+    for (name, value) in table {
+        let tbl = value
+            .as_table()
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("workspace.{name} must be a table with path and deps"))?;
+        let path_raw = tbl
+            .get("path")
+            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("workspace.{name}.path is required"))?;
+        let path = resolve_path(root, path_raw)?;
+        if !path.join("dcr.toml").is_file() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "workspace.{name}.path does not contain dcr.toml: {}",
+                path.display()
+            ));
+        }
+        let deps = parse_deps(tbl.get("deps"))?;
+        members.push(WorkspaceMember {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            path,
+            deps,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut ws = Workspace { members };
+    ws.members = topo_sort(&ws.members)?;
+    Ok(Some(ws))
+}
+
+fn resolve_path(root: &Path, raw: &str) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
+    let p = Path::new(raw);
+    let full = if p.is_absolute() {
+        p.to_path_buf()
+    } else {
+        root.join(p)
+    };
+    Ok(full)
+}
+
+fn parse_deps(value: Option<&Value>) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let Some(value) = value else {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    };
+    let arr = value
+        .as_array()
+        .ok_or_else(|| "workspace deps must be an array of strings".to_string())?;
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for item in arr {
+        let s = item
+            .as_str()
+            .ok_or_else(|| "workspace deps must be an array of strings".to_string())?;
+        out.push(s.to_string());
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn topo_sort(members: &[WorkspaceMember]) -> Result<Vec<WorkspaceMember>, String> {
+    let mut map = HashMap::new();
+    for m in members {
+        map.insert(m.name.clone(), m.clone());
+    }
+    let mut state: HashMap<String, u8> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut order: Vec<WorkspaceMember> = Vec::new();
+
+    for name in map.keys() {
+        if *state.get(name).unwrap_or(&0) == 0 {
+            visit(name, &map, &mut state, &mut order)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(order)
+}
+
+fn visit(
+    name: &str,
+    map: &HashMap<String, WorkspaceMember>,
+    state: &mut HashMap<String, u8>,
+    order: &mut Vec<WorkspaceMember>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    match state.get(name).copied().unwrap_or(0) {
+        1 => return Err(format!("workspace dependency cycle at {name}")),
+        2 => return Ok(()),
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    state.insert(name.to_string(), 1);
+    let member = map
+        .get(name)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown workspace member {name}"))?;
+    let mut seen = HashSet::new();
+    for dep in &member.deps {
+        if !seen.insert(dep) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if !map.contains_key(dep) {
+            return Err(format!("workspace dependency '{dep}' not found"));
+        }
+        visit(dep, map, state, order)?;
+    }
+    state.insert(name.to_string(), 2);
+    order.push(member.clone());
+    Ok(())
+}

src/platform/linux.rs

@@ -11,3 +11,10 @@ pub fn lib_path(profile: &str, name: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
         None => format!("./target/{profile}/lib{name}.a"),
     }
 }
+
+pub fn shared_lib_path(profile: &str, name: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    match target_dir {
+        Some(dir) => format!("{}/lib{}.so", dir.trim_end_matches('/'), name),
+        None => format!("./target/{profile}/lib{name}.so"),
+    }
+}

src/platform/macos.rs

@@ -11,3 +11,10 @@ pub fn lib_path(profile: &str, name: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
         None => format!("./target/{profile}/lib{name}.a"),
     }
 }
+
+pub fn shared_lib_path(profile: &str, name: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    match target_dir {
+        Some(dir) => format!("{}/lib{}.dylib", dir.trim_end_matches('/'), name),
+        None => format!("./target/{profile}/lib{name}.dylib"),
+    }
+}

src/platform/mod.rs

@@ -48,3 +48,25 @@ pub fn lib_path(profile: &str, name: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
         }
     }
 }
+
+pub fn shared_lib_path(profile: &str, name: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    {
+        linux::shared_lib_path(profile, name, target_dir)
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    {
+        return macos::shared_lib_path(profile, name, target_dir);
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    {
+        return windows::shared_lib_path(profile, name, target_dir);
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")))]
+    {
+        match target_dir {
+            Some(dir) => format!("{}/lib{}.so", dir.trim_end_matches('/'), name),
+            None => format!("./target/{profile}/lib{name}.so"),
+        }
+    }
+}

src/platform/windows.rs

@@ -11,3 +11,10 @@ pub fn lib_path(profile: &str, name: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
         None => format!("./target/{profile}/{name}.lib"),
     }
 }
+
+pub fn shared_lib_path(profile: &str, name: &str, target_dir: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    match target_dir {
+        Some(dir) => format!("{}/{}.dll", dir.trim_end_matches('/'), name),
+        None => format!("./target/{profile}/{name}.dll"),
+    }
+}

src/utils/fs.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::io;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 pub fn check_dir(dir: Option<&str>) -> io::Result<Vec<String>> {
@@ -16,3 +16,16 @@ pub fn check_dir(dir: Option<&str>) -> io::Result<Vec<String>> {
 
     Ok(items)
 }
+
+pub fn find_project_root(start: &Path) -> io::Result<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    let mut current = start.to_path_buf();
+    loop {
+        if current.join("dcr.toml").is_file() {
+            return Ok(Some(current));
+        }
+        if !current.pop() {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}

tests/cli_basic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::sync::Once;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+static COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+static BUILD_ONCE: Once = Once::new();
+
+fn bin_path() -> PathBuf {
+    if let Ok(exe) = std::env::var("CARGO_BIN_EXE_dcr") {
+        return PathBuf::from(exe);
+    }
+    ensure_bin_built();
+    let mut path = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+    path.push("target");
+    path.push("debug");
+    path.push(format!("dcr{}", std::env::consts::EXE_SUFFIX));
+    path
+}
+
+fn unique_sandbox_dir(prefix: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    let pid = std::process::id();
+    let n = COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    let now = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .as_nanos();
+    let mut path = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+    path.push("sandbox");
+    path.push("cli-tests");
+    path.push(format!("dcr_{prefix}_{pid}_{n}_{now}"));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&path).expect("failed to create temp dir");
+    path
+}
+
+fn run_dcr(args: &[&str], cwd: &Path) -> std::process::Output {
+    run_dcr_env(args, cwd, &[])
+}
+
+fn run_dcr_env(args: &[&str], cwd: &Path, envs: &[(&str, &str)]) -> std::process::Output {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(bin_path());
+    cmd.args(args).current_dir(cwd);
+    for (k, v) in envs {
+        cmd.env(k, v);
+    }
+    cmd.output().expect("failed to run dcr")
+}
+
+fn ensure_bin_built() {
+    BUILD_ONCE.call_once(|| {
+        let status = Command::new("cargo")
+            .arg("build")
+            .current_dir(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+            .status()
+            .expect("failed to run cargo build");
+        assert!(status.success(), "cargo build failed");
+    });
+}
+
+fn available_compiler() -> Option<&'static str> {
+    for candidate in ["clang", "gcc", "cc"] {
+        let ok = Command::new(candidate)
+            .arg("--version")
+            .output()
+            .map(|o| o.status.success())
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        if ok {
+            return Some(candidate);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_and_version_work() {
+    let dir = unique_sandbox_dir("help");
+    let out = run_dcr(&["--help"], &dir);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "--help should succeed");
+
+    let out = run_dcr(&["--version"], &dir);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "--version should succeed");
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&out.stdout);
+    assert!(stdout.contains("dcr"), "version output should mention dcr");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn new_creates_project_layout() {
+    let dir = unique_sandbox_dir("new");
+    let out = run_dcr(&["new", "hello"], &dir);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr new should succeed");
+
+    let project_dir = dir.join("hello");
+    assert!(project_dir.is_dir(), "project dir should exist");
+    assert!(project_dir.join("dcr.toml").is_file(), "dcr.toml missing");
+    assert!(
+        project_dir.join("src").join("main.c").is_file(),
+        "src/main.c missing"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn init_and_clean_remove_target() {
+    let dir = unique_sandbox_dir("init");
+    let out = run_dcr(&["init"], &dir);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr init should succeed");
+
+    let target_debug = dir.join("target").join("debug");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&target_debug).expect("failed to create target/debug");
+    std::fs::write(target_debug.join("dummy.o"), "x").expect("failed to write dummy file");
+
+    let out = run_dcr(&["clean"], &dir);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr clean should succeed");
+    assert!(!dir.join("target").exists(), "target should be removed");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn build_run_clean_flags_normal_project() {
+    let Some(compiler) = available_compiler() else {
+        eprintln!("no compiler found; skipping build/run test");
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let dir = unique_sandbox_dir("normal");
+    let out = run_dcr(&["init"], &dir);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr init should succeed");
+
+    let envs = [("DCR_COMPILER", compiler)];
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["build"], &dir, &envs);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr build should succeed");
+
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["build", "--release"], &dir, &envs);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr build --release should succeed");
+
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["run"], &dir, &envs);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr run should succeed");
+    let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&out.stdout);
+    assert!(stdout.contains("Hello World!"), "run output missing");
+
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["clean", "--release"], &dir, &envs);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr clean --release should succeed");
+    assert!(
+        !dir.join("target").join("release").exists(),
+        "target/release should be removed"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        dir.join("target").join("debug").is_dir(),
+        "target/debug should remain"
+    );
+
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["clean"], &dir, &envs);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "dcr clean should succeed");
+    assert!(!dir.join("target").exists(), "target should be removed");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn workspace_build_and_clean_all() {
+    let Some(compiler) = available_compiler() else {
+        eprintln!("no compiler found; skipping workspace test");
+        return;
+    };
+
+    let root = unique_sandbox_dir("workspace");
+    let out = run_dcr(&["init"], &root);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "root init should succeed");
+
+    let members = [
+        ("userspace", &[][..]),
+        ("core", &["userspace"][..]),
+        ("kernel", &["core"][..]),
+    ];
+    for (name, _) in &members {
+        let member_dir = root.join("src").join(name);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&member_dir).expect("failed to create member dir");
+        let out = run_dcr(&["init"], &member_dir);
+        assert!(out.status.success(), "member init should succeed");
+    }
+
+    let workspace_toml = "[package]\nname = \"ws-root\"\nversion = \"0.1.0\"\n\n[build]\nlanguage = \"c\"\nstandard = \"c11\"\ncompiler = \"clang\"\nkind = \"bin\"\n\n[workspace]\nuserspace = { path = \"src/userspace\", deps = [] }\ncore = { path = \"src/core\", deps = [\"userspace\"] }\nkernel = { path = \"src/kernel\", deps = [\"core\"] }\n\n[dependencies]\n";
+    std::fs::write(root.join("dcr.toml"), workspace_toml).expect("failed to write root dcr.toml");
+
+    let envs = [("DCR_COMPILER", compiler)];
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["build"], &root, &envs);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "workspace build should succeed");
+
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["build"], &root, &envs);
+    assert!(out.status.success(), "workspace build should succeed");
+
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["build", "--release"], &root, &envs);
+    assert!(
+        out.status.success(),
+        "workspace build --release should succeed"
+    );
+
+    let out = run_dcr_env(&["clean", "--release", "--all"], &root, &envs);
+    assert!(
+        out.status.success(),
+        "workspace clean --all --release should succeed"
+    );
+
+    for (name, _) in &members {
+        let member = root.join("src").join(name);
+        assert!(
+            !member.join("target").join("release").exists(),
+            "member target/release should be removed"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            member.join("target").join("debug").exists(),
+            "member target/debug should remain"
+        );
+    }
+    assert!(
+        !root.join("target").join("release").exists(),
+        "root target/release should be removed"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        root.join("target").join("debug").exists(),
+        "root target/debug should remain"
+    );
+}